onlineGKguide.com http://www.onlinegkguide.com Just another online general knowledge guide for all newbee and professionals. Sat, 06 Mar 2010 17:04:09 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.5.1 en List of Amendments to the Indian Constitution http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/26/list-of-amendments-to-the-indian-constitution/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/26/list-of-amendments-to-the-indian-constitution/#comments Sat, 26 Dec 2009 15:54:37 +0000 Admin http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=144 Amendment Year Amendment Detail First Amendment 1951 Added Ninth Schedule Seventh Amendment 1956 Necessitated on account of reorganization of states on a linguistic basis. Eight Amendment 1959 Extended special provision for reservation of seats for Sacs, Sets and Anglo-Indians in    Look samba and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10 years from 1960 to 1970. The Ninth Amendment 1960 Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the 1958 indo-pak agreement. The tenth amendment 1961 Incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a UT. Twelth Amendment 1962 Incorporated Goa, daman and diu as a UT. Thirteenth Amendment 1962 Created Nagaland as a state. Fourteenth Amendment 1963 Puducherry, karaikal, mahe and yanam, the former French territories were included in the I scheduled as UT of puducherry. Eighteenth Amendment 1966 Reorganised Punjab into Punjab Haryana and UT of Chandigarh. Twenty first Amendment 1967 Included Sindhi as the fifteenth regional language. Twenty Second Amendment 1969 Created a sub-state of meghalaya within asom. Twenty third Amendment 1969 Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ ST and nomination of Anglo-Indians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980). Twenty sixth Amendment 1971 Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely states. Twenty seventh Amendment 1971 Established Manipur and Tripura Thirty first Amendment 1973 Increased the elective strength of LS from 525 to 545. the upper limit of representatives of states went up from 500 to 525. Thirty sixth Amendments1975 Made Sikkim a state. Thirty eighth Amendment 1975 Provided that the president can make a declaration of emergency, and the promulgation of ordinances by the president, governors and the administrative heads of UTS would be final and could not be challenged in any court. It also authorized the president to declare different kinds of emergencies. Thirty ninth Amendment 1975 Placed beyond challenge in courts, the election of the president and prime minister. Forty second Amendment 1976 Provide supremacy of parliament and gave primacy to directive principles over fundamental rights. It also added 10 fundamental duties. New words- socialist, secular and unity and Integrity of the Nation, were added in the preamble. Forty fourth Amendment 1978 The right to property was deleted from part III. Article 352 was amended to provide ‘Armed Rebellion’ as one of the circumstances for declaration of emergency. Forty fifth Amendment 1985 Extended reservation for SC/ ST by another 10 years (till 1990). Fifty second Amendment 1985 Added the tenth Schedule ( regarding anti-defection). Fifty third Amendment 1986 Mizoram was made a state. Fifty fifth Amendment 1986 Conffered statehood to Arunachal Pradesh. Fifty sixth Amendment 1987 Hindi version of the constitution of India was accepted for all purposes. The UT of Goa, daman and Diu was divided and Goa was made a state Daman and Diu remained as a UT. Sixty first Amendment 1989 Reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years for the LS as well as Assemblies. Sixty first Amendment 1989 Also extended reservation of seats for SC/ ST till 2000 AD. Seventy first Amendment 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were included in the VIII Schedule. Seventy third Amendment 1993 (Panchayati Raj Bill) provided among other things Gram Samba in villages, constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels direct elections to all seats in panchayats and reservation of seats for the SC and ST fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats. Seventy fourth Amendment 1993 (Nagarpalika bill) provides for, among other things, Constitution of three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in very municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes. Eighty second Amendment 2000 Reinstaled the provision of reservation of SC and Sets in matters related to promotion. Besides, the qualifying marks for passing an examination for them has also been lowered. Eighty fourth Amendment 2001 Extended freeze on Lok Samba and state assembly seats till 2026. Eighty sixth Amendment 2002 Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 - 14 years. Eighty seventh Amendment 2003 Made the 2001 census the basis for delimitation of constituencies of the Lower House of Parliament (Lok Sabha) and State assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas) Ninety first Amendment 2003 Amended the Anti - Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts. Cannot be more than 15% of the strength of Lok Sabha & respected Vidhan Sabha. Ninety second Amendment 2003 Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Added into the VIII Schedule. ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/26/list-of-amendments-to-the-indian-constitution/feed/ Copenhagen Meet On Climate Change http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/18/copenhagen-meet-on-climate-change/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/18/copenhagen-meet-on-climate-change/#comments Fri, 18 Dec 2009 17:28:42 +0000 Admin http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=142 According to Danish Prime Minister Cars Laekke Rosmussen as on 28th November 2009, eighty-seven world leaders had confirmed their participation in UN conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in December where they will try to clinch a new global climate deal. Denmark had formally invited the heads of state and government of 191 UN member states to come for the final two days of the December 7-18 conference to push for a deal at the meeting, originally meant for environment minister.

India’s attendance at Copenhagen is on the basis of a political consensus which rules out any constraints on economic growth while advocating the implementation of the principle agreed upon in the UN Framework for Cooperation against Climate Change (UNFCC) and the Bali action plan. According to these agreements, developing countries are not legally bound to curb their greenhouse emission while developed countries are expected to provide them resources and technology to reduce emissions.

Many developing nations want the rich to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Mainly from burning fossil fuels, by at least 40 per cent below 1990 levels by 2020 as a condition for action by the poor to start curbing their rising pollution, so far, promises by the rich fall far short, at cuts of about 11 to 15 per cent. And developed nations have yet to meet promises of extra aid to developing countries.

]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/18/copenhagen-meet-on-climate-change/feed/ Big Bang Machine or Large Hadron Collider Restarts http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/17/big-bang-machine-restarts/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/17/big-bang-machine-restarts/#comments Thu, 17 Dec 2009 16:30:34 +0000 Admin http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=140 The Big Bang machine or Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has re-started in 3rd week of November 2009 after being shut down due to a technical snag just nine days after its launch in September 2oo8. It is the world’s largest machine-a 27-km tunnel running under the Swiss- French border.

Big Bang machine was developed by European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva. Using it, scientists at the 55- year-old CERN hope to recreate conditions similar to the ‘big bang’- a cosmic explosion hypothesized to have marked the origin of the universe. They also hope the LHC will help them learn more about the highs boson- a sub-atomic particle that is predicted to exist but has never been found.

On November 24 world’s largest atom smasher used its accelerator for the first time to speed up the proton beam from 450 to 540 billions electron volts, still a long way from 1, 2 trillion electron volts that will be needed for new discoveries into the makeup of the universe and matter.

]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/17/big-bang-machine-restarts/feed/ Major Events of India in November 2009 http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/16/major-events-of-india-in-november-2009/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/16/major-events-of-india-in-november-2009/#comments Wed, 16 Dec 2009 16:45:33 +0000 Admin http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=134 1st Mary Keitany and Deriba Merga won the women’s and men’s title in the Delhi half- marathon. 2nd Supreme Court judges, including the chief justice, declared their asset on its official website. 3rd Soumya Swaminathan won the world junior girls (U-20) chess title. 4th Mary Kom, Kavita won Asian Boxing Golds. 5th Cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to score 17,000 runs in ODIs. Sudha Murty sold 20lakh Infosys shares worth RS. 430crore. 6th 10th India-EU summit held in New Delhi. 7th Ashok Chavan sworn in as Maharashtra Chief Minister. 8th Varsities told by UGC to disclose information in public domain. Dalai Lama visited Tawang monastery in Arunachal Pradesh 9th SEBI allowed auction of shares in follow-on offer. 10th India, Columbia signed bilateral agreement. 11th Cyclone phyan hit Maharashtra cost. 12th Air India got RS 2000cr lifeline. 13th Govt. put 60 PSUS on divestment roster. 14th India finished third in Asian Athletics championships held in china. >Nation’s first aerospace SEZ launched. 15th Sachin Tendulkar completed 20 years in International cricket. 16th Rahul Dravid became the 2nd Indian batsman-and 5th overall-to score 11,000 test runs. 17th FDI proposals worth RS.1159 Crore cleared by center. 18th Subir Gokarn appointed RBI deputy Governer. 19th Cabinet gave its nod to RS 7,266cr special package for Bundelkhand. 20th TRAI fixed mobile porting charge. Sachin Tendulkar became the first cricketer to cross 30,000 runs in international cricket. 21st Railway launched Jan Ahaar for passenger at affordable price. 22nd National cadet corps day marked. Twin blasts rocked Assam.>PM Singh began his us trip. 23rd First night trial of agni-II conducted. 24th Babari Action taken report tabled in parliament. 25th Bill banning exit polls passed in RS. President Patil became the first woman head of state to fly in a fighter jet. 26th India, Finland sign 3 pacts to boost cooperation in science and technology. 27th France became the 2nd nation to fully operationally inter-country nuclear agreement with India. 28th India, Canada reached a civil nuclear agreement. 29th Gautam Gambhir adjudged seat international cricketer of the year 2008-09. Radiation leak at kaiga nuclear plant, Karnataka, left 55 sick. 30th Probe ordered into kaiga leak; Sabotage suspected. ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/16/major-events-of-india-in-november-2009/feed/ World Wide Major Events November 2009 http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/14/world-wide-major-events-november-2009/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/14/world-wide-major-events-november-2009/#comments Mon, 14 Dec 2009 16:51:47 +0000 Admin http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=129 Date Event/News 1st Afghan Perez Hamid Karzai’s challenger Abdullah withdrew from November 7 run off election. 2nd Hamid Karzai declared Afghan President for a second term; runoff scrapped. 3rd Czech President Vaclav Klaus signed the revised Lisbon treaty. 4th Myanmar’s opposition leader Suu Kyi allowed meeting top US official. Walt Disney a won approval from china to build Disney theme park in shanghai. 5th 33 militants killed in Pakistan offensive, US drone attacks. 6th Pakistan soldier entered Taliban HQs in South Waziristan. 7th Power-sharing deal in Honduras collapsed. 8th China beat India to win women’s Asia cup Hockey tournament. US House approved health care bill. 9th Germany commemorated 2 anniversary of fall of Berlin wall. 10th Korean navies exchanged fire in a first such incident in 7 years. 11th Palestinian authority President mahmoud Abbas issued a fresh call for reconciliation with Hamas 12th Sri Lanka’s chief of Defense staff Sarath Fonseka resigned. 13th British Airways, Iberia signed $7 billion deal for merger. Fonseka’s resignation cleared in Sri Lanka. 14th US President Obama announced America’s participation in the evolving trans-pacific partnership. 15th World leaders agreed to delay a deal on climates change. 16th UN hunger summit held in Rome. 17th Pak army claimed that Sararogha, believed to be a bastion of Uzbek fighters had been captured. 18th Iraq poll in jeopardy as VP Hashemi vetoed polling law. 19th Hamid Karzai sworn in for a second 5-year term as Afghanistan President. 20th Belgian PM Rompuy nominated EU’s first full-time President. 21st Big Bang machine began operating again after 14 month. 22nd US President Obama’s health care plan cleared first senate hurdle. 23rd Brazil claimed the volleyball world grand Champions cup. 24th Emergency in Philippines imposed after massacre. 25th Pak indicted Lakhvi, chief of let, and six other. 26th China announced targets to limit gas emission. 27th Space shuttle Atlantis landed back on earth with its crew. 28th Presidential Elections held in Honduras. Japan Launched fifth spy satellite. 29th Rwanda became member of commonwealth games. 30th Porfirio Lobo won presidential election Honduras. ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/12/14/world-wide-major-events-november-2009/feed/ OTHER AWARDS AND PRIZES http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/other-awards-and-prizes/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/other-awards-and-prizes/#comments Sat, 24 Oct 2009 15:07:52 +0000 jeet http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=116 MAGSAYSAY AWARDS —————2008—————————— Government Service Grace Padaca , Philippines Public Service Center for Agriculture  & Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institution 9CARD MRI), Philippines Community Leadership Prakash Amte and Mandakini Amte, India Peace and International Under –Standing Ahmad Syafii Maarif, Indonesia Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts Akio Ishii, Japan Emergent Leadership Anands Galappatti , Sri Lanka Jnanpith award 2004 Eminent Kashmiri poet Rehman Rahi Miss world 2008 Kseniya sukhinova Miss univrse 2008 Dayana Mendoza (Venezuela) Mrs world 2008 Mrs. Natayla Shmarenkova (Ukraine) Miss earth 2008 Karala Henry (Philippines) Miss India worldwide Nikkitasha Marwaha FEMINA MISS INDIA 2009 ————————————— Miss India Universe Ekta Chaudhary Miss India World Pooja Chopra Miss India Earth Shreya Kishore NORMAN BORLAUG AWARD,2009 Dr. Willian Dvorak MOORTIDEVI AWARD,2005 Dr. Rammurti Shrma (Bharatiya Darshan Ki Chintandhara) MAN BOOKER INT’L,2009 Canadian Short Story writer Alice Munro MAN BOOKER,2008 Arvind Adiga (The White Tiger) DADASHAB PHALKA AWARD 2006 Tapan Sinha BHART RATNA Pandit Bhimsen Joshi GANDHI AWARD Nelson Mandela J L NEHRU AWARD FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING For 2005-Wangari M. Maathai Of Kenya

For 2006 –Brazil President Luiz Nacio Lula da Silva

For 2007 – Egyption President Hosni Mubarak 16 TH VACHASPATI PURASKAR Mahakavi Swami Rambhadrachrya for his work Sribhargavaraghaviyam . GREEN ENERGY PRIZE The World’s leading green energy prize has been awarded to the Aryavart Gramin Bank (AGB) in Utter Pradesh. GREEN OSCAR Dr. M.D. Madhusudan (India )

Director of Nature Conservation Foundation GHANDI PEACE PRIZE Aung San Su Kyi JAMNALAL BAJAJ AWARDS Yashpal Mittal, Dr. Anand Karve, Ms. Ashoka Gupta and Prof. Michael Nagler will be the recipients of the Jamnalal Bajaj awrds for 2007 INDIRA GANDHI AWARD FOR NATIONAL INTERGRATION Indira Gandhi award for national integration for the year 2007 has been given to kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust. UN CLIMATE CHANGE AWARD Prime Minister of new Zealand Helen Clark has won a United nation award for ef-forts to fight climate Change. ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/other-awards-and-prizes/feed/ Internal Security of India http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/internal-security-of-india/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/internal-security-of-india/#comments Sat, 24 Oct 2009 15:03:53 +0000 jeet http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=115 Organization Year of Foundation Headquater Assam Rifles (AR0 (former Catchar Levy) 1835 Shillong Central Reserve Police force (CRPF) 1839 New Delhi National Cadet Corps (NCC) July 15,1948 New Delhi Territorial Army (TA) 1949 In different states Indo-Tibetan Border police (ITBP) Oct.24,1962 New Delhi Home Guards (HG) 1962 In different States Border Security Force (BSF) 1965 New Delhi Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 1969 NEW Delhi Coast Guards (CG) 1977 New Delhi National security Guards (NSG0 1984 New Delhi State police —– In different states ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/internal-security-of-india/feed/ Commissioned Ranks in India http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/commissioned-ranks-in-india/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/commissioned-ranks-in-india/#comments Sat, 24 Oct 2009 14:58:32 +0000 jeet http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=114 Army Air Force Navy General Air Chief Marshal Admiral Lieutenant General Air Marshal Vice-Admiral Major General Air Vie-Marshal Rear Admiral Brigadier Air Commodor Commodor Colonel Group Captain Captain Lieutenant Colonel Wing Commander Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant  Commander Captain Flight Lieutenant Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer Sub Lieutenant ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/24/commissioned-ranks-in-india/feed/ Tax System in India http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/tax-system-in-india/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/tax-system-in-india/#comments Thu, 22 Oct 2009 15:49:36 +0000 nicesur http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=113 A compulsory contribution given by a citizen or organisation to the Government is called Tax, which is used for meeting expenses on welfare work. Tax imposing and Tax collecting is at three levels in India-Central level State level and Local level.The distribution of tax between Centre and State has been clearly mentioned in the provision of India Constitution. For rationalising it from time to time, Finance Commission has been constituted.

Important Taxes imposed in India:

Tax on income and Wealth – the central government impose different types of tax on income and wealth, viz. Income, corporate tax, wealth tax and gift tax. Out of which income tax and corporate tax are more important from the revenue point of view.

Personal income Tax – personal income tax is generally imposed on an individual combined Hindu families and total income of people of any other communities.

Corporate Tax- Corporate tax is imposed on Registered Companies and Corporations. The rate of corporate tax on all companies is equal. However, various types of rebates and exemption have been provided.

Custom Duties – As per the Constitutional provision, the central Government imposes import duty and export duty both. Import and Export duties are not only source of income but with the help of it the central government regulates the foreign trade.

Import Duties- Generally import duties are ad-velorem in India. It means import duties are imposed on the taxable item on percentage basis.

Export Duties – Export duties are more important, compared to import duties in terms of revenue and regulation of foreign trade.

Excise Duties – Excise duties are commodity tax as it is imposed on production of an item and it has no relevance with its sale. This is the largest of an item and it has no Central Government.

Types of Tax:

Direct tax Income tax, Property tax, Gift tax etc.
Indirect tax Sales tax, Excise duty, Custom Duty etc.
Taxes imposed by the central Government. Income tax, Corporate tax, Property tax, Succession tax, wealth tax, gift tax, Custom duty , Tax on agricultural wealth etc.
Taxes imposed by the state Government. Land revenue tax, agricultural income tax, Agriculture Land revenue, state excise duty, Entertainment tax, stamp duty, Road tax, Motor Vehicle tax etc.
]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/tax-system-in-india/feed/ Important News Papers and Journals of Freedom Struggle Era India http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/important-news-papers-and-journals-of-freedom-struggle-era/ http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/important-news-papers-and-journals-of-freedom-struggle-era/#comments Thu, 22 Oct 2009 15:28:25 +0000 nicesur http://www.onlinegkguide.com/?p=112 News paper / journal Founder/editor Bengal Gazette (1780) (India’s first news paper) J.K. Hikki Kesari B.G. Tilak Maharatta B.G. Tilak Sudharak G.K. Gokhale Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh Rest Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarat) Dadabhai Naoroji New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal Statesman Rebert Knight Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S. Aiyar Sandhya B.B. Upadhyaya Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri Chiplunkar Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghose (Later Harish Chandra Mukherji) Som Prakash Iswer Chand Vidyasagar Yugantar Bhupendranth Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghose Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta Hindustan M.M. Ambedkar Mooknayak B.R. Ambedkar Comrade Mohammad Ali Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad Independent Motilal Nehru Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai New India (Daily) Annie Besant Commonweal Annie Besant Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Essays In Indian Economics M.G. Ranade Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Ray Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore Nav Jeevan M.K Gandhi Young India M.K Gandhi Harijan M.K Gandhi Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma Talwar (In Berlin) Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath Das Hindustan Times K.M. Pannikar Kranti Mirakar, Joglekar, Ghate. Native Opinion V.N. Mandalik Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra ]]> http://www.onlinegkguide.com/2009/10/22/important-news-papers-and-journals-of-freedom-struggle-era/feed/